Presidential Debate Over Presidential Debates - 947 Words

With the 2016 election in full throttle, Kennedy and Nixon’s presidential debates of 1960 are still very much a part of American democracy. Televised presidential debates have become a backbone in an American election. Although these debates are now considered a norm in American politics, this has not always the case. Even after the first time a presidential debate was held between presidential candidates from across the aisle, it took another 16 years for another debate to occur. It is highly doubtful that either Nixon or Kennedy, much less anyone else of that time period, would have been able to foresee the effects of their debate. The presidential debates between Kennedy and Nixon have shape American politics for what seemed like the better but as more and more research is published, this claim is starting to fall apart. While presidential debates offer the public a chance to compare and contrast the Republican and Democratic presidential candidate, they have an impact on v iewers that is not always positive. Rather, televised presidential debates impact voters across the aisle and throughout levels of political awareness. An in-depth look at the history of televised presidential debates and their impact on viewers could answer the question of whether televised presidential debates should remain a central part of the modern American democracy. Background The Great Debates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon met in Chicago on September 26th, 1960 to make history as the firstShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Presidential Debates1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhat topics are labeled important enough to be talked about during presidential debates? Topics such as terrorism and national security; the economy; jobs and employment; and the Affordable Care Act and Healthcare all managed to be the center of attention during all debates. What topics were almost entirely ignored? Topics such as gun policy; social issues like LGBT rights and abortion; and the environment and climate change were put to the side to instead talk about Hillary Clinton’s email scandalRead MoreThe Debate Over The Presidential Election956 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fate of America The heated debates, constant jabs, and the ongoing controversy about the 2016 Presidential Election is what has been sparking conversations worldwide. The disrespectful and unprofessional behavior that the candid ates have shown has left a bad impression on many citizens of the United States of America. The Republicans as well as the Democrats have been going head to head since the campaign began. Though mainly the Republican candidates such as Ted Cruz, John Kasich and the infamousRead MoreVice Presidential Debate Over Tim Kaine1684 Words   |  7 PagesVice Presidential Debate (October 4, 2016) As the running mates to Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump took the stage to further their platform and earn voters, millions tuned in hopes of further solidifying their choice for President of the United States of America. The Vice-Presidential debate was moderated by Elaine Quijano, CBSN anchor and former CNN journalist, who Dan Gainor of FOX claims to have been left from the very beginning (â€Å"Another Debate†, 2016). According to numerous articles as wellRead MoreThe Presidential Debate On Politics Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical debates are broken. A constructive national debate is something that is quite important to the functioning of the American system of democracy. Civil discussions and disagreements have been what fuels progress in this country. Now, at a time of heightened awareness from many American people, the political debates in this country don’t seem to be providing them with good cogent arguments. Instead they are filled with fallacies an d many falsehoods. In this essay I argue that the presidential debateRead MoreThe Presidential Debate On The American System Of Democracy Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesA constructive national debate is something that is quite important to the functioning of the American system of democracy. A simple definition of democracy offered by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is that democracy is â€Å"a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting† (Merriam-Webster). Now, at a time of heightened awareness from many American people, the political debates in this country don’t seem to be providing them with good cogent arguments. Instead they are filled with fallaciesRead MorePolitical Framing As Used By Presidential Candidates1442 Words   |  6 PagesTHESIS: Political framing, as used by presidential candidates in the 2016 election, may determine the outcome of an election rather than the actual qualifications or stance on issues of the candidates themselves. The 2016 presidential election totes probably the most controversial presidential race in the history of the United States. In an attempt to sort through the rhetoric and cover, a citizen may be left perplexed at which candidate to vote for. The claims of both parties show inconsistenciesRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Politics1325 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds upon thousands of media platforms exist, it’s not surprising that media is one of the strongest, if not the biggest, influences in our current presidential election. No matter where each of us turn, whether it be to a newspaper, social media, or our televisions, every single one of us has seen some sort of news report or article discussing presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. However, every year, there seems to be this constant struggle when it comes to the media coverage, asRead MorePerception s Configuration Of Reality : 45th Presidential Debate2105 Words   |  9 PagesConfiguration of Rea lity: 45th Presidential Debate Jay Van Bavel’s 2016 article addresses an important and relevant issue: voters’ deeply divided perceptions of presidential candidates. According to Bavel, approximately 70 million viewers tuned in to watch the final presidential debate on October 19, 2016. In theory, one would be valid in assuming that while processing such an event, everyone should be experiencing the same reality—all are watching the same debate, hearing the same words said byRead MoreThe Evolution Of Presidential Campaigns2261 Words   |  10 PagesNiko Kazanjian Presidential Politics 12/2/14 The Evolution of Presidential Campaigns and Government-Media Relations The media has always played an important role in the President’s relationship with the public, but just what kind of affect does it really have on the executive office? The first televised presidential debate in 1960 between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon marked the beginning of a new era – the inaugural shift of the media’s role in politics. Since that time, the media hasRead MoreTake a position that defends, challenges, or qualifies the claim that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections.754 Words   |  4 PagesI do believe that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections. In modern times there is a need for television for these types of events. The authors mentioned agreed with the fact that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections. One source, Source D, is a chart of the ratings for presidential debates. I believe that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections because the world has changed in recent years, the people have changed, there is

The Five Sexes Why Male and Female Are Not Enough by Anne...

In the article â€Å"The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough†, Anne Fausto-Sterling makes some very compelling points. One of her main points is that the western worlds binary system of sex is to constraining and proposes that instead our system should be increase to five, or possible more, sexes. This paper will explain the premises of her argument and important terms. This will be followed by a counterargument as to why three sexes are the max needed and that Fausto-Sterling view could lead towards an anti-essentialism approach and thus the tertiary system would be a far better fit. Then finally it will conclude with what Anne Fausto-Sterling’s response might be and a reflection comparing the two, that being her argument and the counter argument. Anne Fausto-Sterling first goal is to present a case of a 23 year old person living in 1843. This individual’s issue at the time involved wanting to vote. The issue that arises from this case is that first it took place before women’s suffrage and thus only men were allowed to vote. The issue with Levi Suydam was that this individual had both male and female biological sex organs. Thus it was decided to call a doctor to decide which sex this individual was more aligned with and make a decision as if Suydam could vote. At first the doctor decided that because the individual has a phallus he was a male, but this was later overturned when the doctor finds out that the individual menstruated and had a vaginal opening. The mainShow MoreRelatedThe traditional biological understandings of sex and gender create a binary concept mainly in the800 Words   |  4 Pagesgender create a binary concept mainly in the Western culture by having two strictly fixed options of male or fema le. This binary notion of gender and sex was put to the test by both Anne Fausto-Sterling and Oyeronke Oyewumi. Sterling argues that rather than just two separate ends, biological gender occurs across a continuum of possibilities. This spectrum of anatomical deviation by itself should be enough to disregard the simplistic notion of only two genders. Oyewumi acknowledges that there is a binaryRead MoreEssay on Anne Fausto-Sterlings The Five Sexes1151 Words   |  5 Pagessources, as well as others, have evolved into an expectation that has become institutionalized within society. This expectation, is placement and belonging into the binary system of person: the man or the woman. In Anne Fausot-Sterlings acrticles â€Å"The Five Sexes† and the â€Å"The Five Sexes, Revisited†, the binary system is exposed as being faulted. The author explores the harsh physical and psychological costs that come with the conforming to social standards. In order to understand this phenomenaRead MoreGender Is Not So Much Determined By God Nor By Biology Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Western society, there are only two sexes that are recognized (Lorber, 1993, p. 569). Males are said to have XY chromosome (testes and a penis) whereas women are said to have XX chromosome (vagina and ovaries) (Fausto-Sterling, 1993, pp. 40-41). However the concept of labelling genitalia as ‘male’ or ‘female’ is problematic. This is because it completely disregards the individuals who are intersex. Anne Fausto- Sterling went on to suggest the five sex system in order to have the individualsRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women908 Words   |  4 Pagescultures, such as inequalities in power and access to resources. However, both of these understandings of sex and gender perpetuate the idea that individuals are categorized into binary categories. Sex is divided into being biologically male or biologically female, while gender is divided into being a man or a woman. When considering the concepts of sex and gender, another topic that is readily recognized is the concept of sexuality. This concept is often synonymous with the term â€Å"sexual orientation†Read MoreThe Exploration Of Violating Female Gender Norms Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Doing Gender: The Exploration of Violating Female Gender Norms’ Traits of Passive and Dependent Behavior Solla Park 1001343361 Gender and Society SOC265H1F Assignment 1 As societal human beings, we are constantly immersed in a world of gender norms. Gender norms are behaviors that include ways of speaking, ways of presentation, and even types of body language that are associated with certain genders, typically to the resilient two-category system of men and womenRead MoreThe Scientific Community And Its Impact On My Life As A Self Identified Queer Person1395 Words   |  6 Pagess findings on sex, sexuality and gender. Biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling s The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are Not Enough† revolves around the male and female gender/sex dichotomy that dominates Western culture and directly impacts babies who are born intersex. Intersex is defined as a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female. Did you know that 4% of babies are born intersex?Read MoreHow do we Become Who we are1890 Words   |  8 Pagesby the time we are old enough to make life affecting decisions by ourselves, it could be argued that the boundaries of who we can become are significantly smaller. A big part of who we are is our physical self. The physical body is separated into different sexes which are biologically defined. Society however, recognises genders, the number and definitions of which vary throughout different cultures. Western society recognises two socially constructed genders, male and female. There are obvious physicalRead MoreWhat Does It Mean At The World?1911 Words   |  8 Pagesvariables in each society the sociological experience for one person could be completely different for another. The role that sociologists play is to view the world - and all the different societies that exist in it, with a narrowed scope to decipher why there are differences in certain societies and how they happen. The goal and purpose of sociologists doing this is to open the eyes of the public to become conscious of what is happening around them and to accept the differences that exist around the

Therapeutic Boundaries in Relation To Transfrence - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTherapeutic Boundaries in Relation To Transfrence. Answer: Counseling within the mental health service requires maintenance of therapeutic boundaries between the client and the therapist. Therapeutic boundaries are the expected psychological and social distance between the therapist and the client(Gutheil Gabbard, 2013). It involves issues such as the therapists self-disclosure, involvement with the client outside the office, the length of sessions, touch and exchanging gifts. Transference and countertransference are concepts that come up during therapy and it is necessary to maintain healthy boundaries when they arise. Sigmund Freud described countertransference as an unconscious phenomenon whereby the therapists emotions are influenced by a client and causes the therapist to react in a certain way(Kring, et al., 2013). On the other hand, transference refers to a phenomenon whereby the client transfers their feelings about a significant person in theirlives to the therapist. These feelings are usually manifested in many forms such as hatre d, mistrust, rage and extreme dependence on the therapist. This paper will focus on exploring the therapeutic boundaries needed when counselling within the mental health service in relation to the concepts of transference and countertransference. One of therapeutic boundaries involves the therapists self-disclosure. Therapists have the choice to share their own feelings and experiences with their clients but with some moderation.Excessive self-disclosure may lead the therapist to spend a lot of time focusing on their feelings and experiences and deny the client the chance to have their issues handled(Derlaga Berg, 2013). Excessive disclosure on the therapists side may also blur their ability to recognize the presence of countertransference and generally interfere with the therapeutic process since it will be based on the therapists feelings and not the clients. However, when therapists establish healthy boundaries in regards to self-disclosure, they are able to share their own experiences with their clients and they may use countertransference consciously to understand the differences between their experiences and those of their clients in order to ensure the therapeutic process is objective(Henretty, et al., 2014). Moderate self-disclosure can enable the therapist to identify the countertransference and help the client in understanding their issues better and it also makes therapists more empathetic since they understand the clients situation (Henretty, et al., 2014). The therapists are also able to recognize transference in the client when they give more time for the client to talk about their feelings and experiences (Brown 2017). It is important to recognize whenever any unconscious countertransference occurs by having healthy boundaries set when it comes to self-disclosure (Butcher, Minieka and Hooley 2013). Involvement with the client outside the office is another therapeutic boundary that is important within the mental health service. The relationship between a client and a therapist is supposed to be strictly within the counselling environment. One of the common ways in which transference and countertransference is usually manifested is through an erotic attraction between the therapist and the client(Fuertes Cheng, 2013). The client may want to initiate dates and extra meetings outside the therapeutic timeline in order to fulfill the feelings that result from the transference. It is important for the therapists to recognize the transference in their patients so that they can be aware of the motives their clients might have and even how the clients might be eliciting a countertransference in them. By limiting the involvement with clients outside the office, the therapist is able to avoid other ethical problems such as dual relationships and romantic relationships with their clients. In addition, they avoid encouraging the clients to dwell on the feelings that result from transference such as erotic attractions and instead focus on issues that will promote the wellbeingof the client. Extreme dependence of the client on the therapist can also be as a result of transference. For example, a client who experiences social isolation may make the therapist the central part of their social life, such a client might want to constantly interact with the therapist outside the office as a way to fulfill their social wellbeing. It is important for the therapist to establish their stand on maintaining a professional relationship within the counselling environment and avoid giving the client any indications contrary to this(Corey, 2015). Countertransference may also lead the therapist to be over involved in the clients situation. Once the client has shared their problem with the therapist, the therapist might remember a similar occasion that occurred in their lives and it may trigger outrage in them. For example, when the client is a rape victim and the therapist also had a similar incident happen to them or someone close to them it brings back the negative feelings that result ed from that incident and it may provoke the therapist to be either under or overinvolved with the client. Because of this, they may want to make an extra effort beyond the therapeutic counselling process to try and help their clients. This constitutes involvement with the client outside the counselling set up that may eventually compromise the outcome of the therapeutic process. In a case where the therapists considers it necessary to intervene in the patients situation, they have to clearly explain to the client their reasons for intervening to avoid misinterpretations that may arise (Pope Vaquez, 2016).Maintaining a therapeutic boundary that prevents involvement outside the therapeutic relationship can help the therapist in dealing with issues arising from transference and countertransference henceensuring the credibility of the mental health service. However, there are some unique circumstances that may necessitate an interaction with the client outside the counselling session. For example, when the client suddenly falls ill and the therapist goes to visit him at the hospital to help him deal with the vulnerability of the situation. In such a situation, the therapist has to explain to the client the significance of the visit in the context of their therapeutic relationship to avoid misinterpretation (Brown 2017). Touch and exchange of gifts between the client and the therapist are also issues that come into consideration when discussing therapeutic boundaries. These two concepts are usuallyinvolved when individuals have a nonprofessional relationship and therefore, it becomes unethical when the relationship between the client and the therapists comprises of exchanging gifts and intimate touching(Zur, 2015). It may also trigger a romantic relationship which is against the code of ethics for counsellors. In reference to transference and counter transference, touch and exchange of gifts might elevate the feelings of attraction that occurs between the client and the therapist. It will affect the therapeutic relationship since the gestures might be misinterpreted by both parties as an initiation of a relationship or a response to their romantic feelings. For example, a client who once had a loved one who constantly showered them with gifts and reassured them with intimate touching might misinterpr et a simple gesture of comfort as a show of affection because of transferring the feelings they got from their loved one to the therapist. A therapist may also experience countertransference when they receive a gift from aclient since it might trigger certain memories related to receiving gifts from someone else in their lives. Crossing this boundary interferes with the objectivity of the therapeutic process since it compromises the professional relationship between the client and the therapist (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). Sexual relationship between the therapist and the client should be avoided. Sexual misconduct usually results from other subsequent boundary violations, such a s exchanging gifts and meeting outside the counseling set up (Butler, Chapman, Forman 2016). Due to transference, a client may develop intimate feelings for the therapists and make moves towards achieving a sexual relationship with them. They may do this by initiating dates and offering gifts and favors in exchange for the services offered by the therapist. It is important for the therapist to recognize the presence of any transference in the therapeutic relationship with the client and help the client in acknowledging and understanding those feelings(Paul, 2015). Failing to recognize and address these feelings may eventually result in a sexual relationship with the client which ruins the professional relationship. The therapists might also see a resemblance in physical appearance or mannerisms of a client that triggers memori es of a former or current sexual partner (Henretty, et al., 2014). This may result in them thinking of the client in a sexual way. The therapists has to recognize that the feelings are not directly related to their clients but instead they are a representation of someone else. By doing this, they can be able to avoid getting into a sexual relationship with the client and disrupting the therapeutic relationship. It will also prevent further problems related to code of ethics (Henretty, et al., 2014). Therapeutic boundaries also need to be established when it comes to the length of sessions between the client and the therapist. A therapist should give each client an equal session and avoid giving preference to particular clients (Henretty, et al., 2014). The length of the session will limit the therapist from going beyond the scope of their session and instead focusing on the important aspects of the session. For example, when countertransference occurs, a therapist is more likely to talk about their experiences and feelings. This gives the client less time to have their issues addressed. When there is an allocated length of time for a particular session, the therapists can organize themselves better to ensure the client is given more time to talk about their issues. Once the therapist recognizes the presence of countertransference when engaging with a particular client, they may then organize the time they have to ensure they focus on the relevant information and avoid deviating to less important information(Sharpless Barber, 2015).Transference in counselling might occur when a client views the therapist as one of their close friend or a family member. Maybe the individual had a family member who never used to listen to them and they may take the therapist as being that close family member (Henretty, et al., 2014). They may want to talk with the therapists for longer periods and they may feel frustrated when the therapist allocates only a few minutes to them since they generalize that everyone does not like to listen to them. Before the first session begins it is important to clarify with the client the length of the sessions you will be having with them so that there is no misinterpretation on the length of time allocated to them (Henretty, et al., 2014). In therapy Transference is the transferal of patients feelings from a significant person to the therapist while counter transference is noted as the rerouting of the therapist emotional state towards the client (Henretty, et al., 2014). Therefore it is important that therapeutic boundaries are in place so that a beneficial relationship that takes place is not violated and at the same time the client is able to get the treatment he or she needs in the most professional way possible this article explores this boundaries within a mental service environment. Boundaries are important in any client patient relation, and can be violated within these different parameters which are Power, Trust, Respect and personal closeness (Brown 2017). In this case, in reference to power the client sees the therapist as all powerful, and it is because of this that the client comes to the therapist for guidance or help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). It is therefore very easy for the therapist to violate this power, and infringe on the patients rights for instance, the Therapist changing the time set for therapy without liaising with the patient or forcing the patient to attend therapy would show abuse of power. In reference to counter transference the therapist might want to use the power he has to ask a victim who was maybe sexually abused by a former therapist into not reporting the incidence or even go further into making the patient believe that incident never happened (Drum and Littleton 2014). In addition, trust and respect between the patient and therapist come in handy, and are essential this is because the Clients have confidence that the therapist knows what he is doing and has the skills, and aptitudes to give the best care possible. The therapist should ensure that the client can trust him and thus confidently share whatever issues that the client might have help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). In regards to Respect, Therapist is accountable in regards to a client this irrespective of color of the skin, faith, age, or health status (Khalikova 2016). Last but not least Personal closeness is also a boundary that needs to be addressed therapist that are inclined to psychoanalysis are probably not likely to touch their patients this is because their hypothetical model expect that physical contact may satisfy transference unrealities that should be comprehended, and not carried out. Some therapists affected by this school of thought are more disposed to embrace routinely toward the finish of sessions help (Beck, Freeman and Davis 2015). Personal space is important in mental health this is because some of these patients are violent and some may not want to be touched or any slight provocation would result in the client withdrawing from therapy (Khalikova 2016). Therefore, when boundaries in therapy are crossed and above parameters are upheld it is noted not to be harmful to the patient or the therapist, and is sometimes allowed in therapy but it is wise to note that in the mental health it is not advisable to cross any boundary as thi s might be detrimental, and when boundaries are violated the infringe on the patients rights, and this might also become harmful not only to the patient but also to the therapist (Geller and Srikameswaran 2015). In conclusion, a mental healthcare provider should maintain high therapeutic relationship. Therapeutic boundaries are the probable social and physical distance between the therapist and the client; this involves issues such as the therapists self-disclosure, involvement with the client outside the office, the length of sessions, touch and exchanging gifts. In this case, transference refers to an occurrence whereby the client transfers their feelings about their personal their lives to the therapist. Such feelings are usually manifested in many forms such as h mistrust, hatred rage and high dependence on the therapist. Therefore, it is important for the therapist to identify and deal with transference and countertransference that occurs during therapy by putting in place firm boundaries. The therapist should give the client a secure environment to express their feelings including the uncomfortable ones. By understanding the therapists own countertransference, he is able to manage the outcomes to ensure it does not jeopardize the wellbeing of the clients. It also provides an opportunity for the therapist to be more empathetic since they can relate to the clients experiences. The therapists ability to understand the clients transference can be a great tool in treatment since it indicates the source of the problem and the therapists can establish the proper way to help the client. The therapeutic boundaries enable us to deal with transference and countertransference in more appropriate ways to avoid harming clients. References List Corey, G., 2015. Theory and practice of counselling and psychotherapy. s.l.:Nelson Education 2(3) 56- 78. Derlaga, V. J. Berg, J. H., 2013. Self-disclosure: Theory reasearch, and therapy. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A. and Davis, D. D. 2015. Cognitive therapy of mental disorders. Guilford Publications. Butcher, J.N., Minieka, S. and Hooley, J.M., 2013. Abnormal psychology. Pearson Education. 1(5) pp45- 67 Brown, G., 2017. Professional and therapeutic boundaries in forensic mental health practice. Psychotherapy, 50(4), p. 505. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E.M. and Beck, A. T., 2016. The empirical status of group work therapy: a review of meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 26(1), pp.17-31. Fuertes, J. N. Cheng, D., 2013. Real realtionnship, working alliance, transference/countertransference and outcome in limited counsellingand psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(4), pp. 294-312. Gutheil, T. G. Gabbard, G., 2013. Misuses and misunderstandings of boundary theory in clinical and regulatory settings. American Journal of Pychiatry, 3(155), pp. 409-414. Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P. E. 2014. The efficacy of group therapy at the inpatient and community mental health level. Psychological medicine, 31(2), pp. 189-195. Geller, J. and Srikameswaran, S., 2015. What effective therapies have in common.Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice,3(2), pp.191-197. Henretty, J. R., Currier, J. M., Berman, J. S. Levitt, H. M., 2014. The impact of Counselor self disclosure on clients: A meta-analytic review of experimental and quasi experimental research, s.l.: s.n. Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L. Neale, J. M., 2013. Abnormal psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Norcoss, J. C., Zimmerman, B.E., Greenberg, R. P. and Swift, J. K., 2017. Do all therapists do that when saying goodbye? A study of commonalities in termination behaviors. Psychotherapy, 54(1), p.66. Norman, R. E., Gibb, M., Dyer Edwards, H. 2016. Effectiveness of group work in mental health. International psychiatry journal, 13(3), pp. 303-316. Nystul, M. S., 2015. Introduction to counselling: An art and science perspective. SAGE Publications. 4(31) 567- 678 Paul, C., 2015. Sexual misconduct by Psychiatrists and Psychotherapists.. European Psychiatry, Issue 30, p. 158. Pope, K. S. Vaquez, M. J., 2016. Ethics in psychotherapy and counselling: A practical guide. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Olivera, J., Braun, M., Gomez Penedo, J.M. and Roussos, A., 2013. A qualitative investigation of former clients perception of change, reasons for consultation, therapeutic relationship and termination. Psychotherapy, 50(4), p. 505. Sharpless, B. A. Barber, J. P., 2015. Transference/ Countertransference.. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Zur, O., 2015. Therapeutic boundaries and dual realtionships in psychotherapy and counselling.

One Malaysia free essay sample

Many ideas and questions stirred in my heart when I was asked what will I do if I am the most influential leader of the country. I could assume my first thought is almost identical as anyone’s answer that is about the utilizing of multiracial status and all, but how could we really understand the uniqueness of a south east Asia country, Malaysia, to be different compared to other multiracial country too? My answer is â€Å"to lead 1malaysia publicize their basic, greatest asset splendidly, that is multiracial and placing unity the top priority† What really inspires me is what our beloved prime minister Dato’ Sri Najib Razak idea for 1malaysia, even though at first sight it might sound another useless propaganda from the government, and many of my friends take it as a joke for the unity among the nations in this colourful land, but I see the true colours behind his meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on One Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How is Dato’ Sri Najib Razak inclined towards something as haunting and anathema as this to many of his UMNO colleagues and war lords? Surely nothing that he has said or done in his lifetime that I can think of that I could associate 1 Malaysia or its theme to. The answer is back to the moment when Rukun Negara was proclaimed on the 31 August 1970 by the Yang Di Pertuan Agong, and Najib has done a good job on reminding how 1Malaysia concept goes along with the principles of Rukun Negara. And yet, what is it that we recite and remember of it? the pledge: We, the people of Malaysia pledge our united efforts to attain these ends, guided by these principle. Belief in God, Loyalty to King and Country, Supremacy to the Constitution, The Rule of Law, Mutual respect and good social behaviour. But sadly, this pledge is often an every Monday routine for school students and it’s meaning is often being treated insignificantly. But our prime minister shared his view for this pledge, and that really makes me think that His intention or surprise for 1Malaysia concept is not like any prime minister did before. He shared it as the meaning behind it as†¦ Our nation, Malaysia is dedicated to: Achieving a greater unity for all her people, Maintaining a democratic way of life, Creating a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably distributed; Ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural tradition, Building a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology. And all these, we could relate it with the right path and vision settings for a nation with multiracial status to excel while placing unity in the top priority. I have met quite a number of international student, and one word they define Malaysia is truly truly Multiculture and Multiracial, after all the other multiracial countries they have been, they really mean that Malaysia is such a country to have truly culture, races diverse activities, such as Raya open houses etc.. and everything being blend into a colourful canvas, but not divided by skin or geographically or social economy responsibility. I can see the 1 Malaysia prescribed by Najib is consistent with what his late father, Tun Razak, prescribed as the National Ideology of the nation way back in 1970. It is sad that this has been throughout this time been shafted and mostly forgotten. Najib may have tested waters including reference to 1 Malaysia in his opening speech. Many have tried to define what it might be within the acceptable mores of their convoluted minds. But I say, 1 Malaysia is right there for all to see in the Rukun Negara. If we have only been able to recite the principles without seeing where it is supposed to head us to, maybe it is about time we started reciting the dedication of the Rukun Negara. The term 1Malaysia , however is not a fresh idea, however it has been used by our neighbour country, Singapore decades ago. I was reading Lee Kuan Yew’s book, The Singapore Story, truly one of the best books that planted a lesson in my heart. It was the time Singapore was a truly a resourceless, helpless and having no security, in it’s most vulnerable state. But Lee Kuan Yew stood up and suggested the concept of 1Singapore, and it worked fantastically, his words in the book really gave me a picture how a third world country turn into a first world country, just one thing, Unity. However in our case, It’s a certain thing that we have a little more obstacle as we have a larger geographical area and hard to have an even and constant improvement across the big terrain as compared to Singapore. And right now, Najib’s 1 Malaysia Idea is truly a challenging one, and on the question JomMasukUsm asked me, my answer might not seem original, which I state that I will do the same way as our Prime Minister intended, Simply just means I truly respect the plans he has right now, that I believe and being optimist that His plans will really sketch a better Malaysia for tomorrow. I encourage each of you to join me in defining our Malaysia and the role we must play in its future. Each of us — despite our differences — shares a desire for a better tomorrow. Each of us wants opportunity, respect, friendship, and understanding. † Dato’ Sri Najib Razak. Lastly, I would like to conclude His awesome plans with a quotation, â€Å"It takes onl y a person to score a goal in the Game, but it takes a team to win it all† Our Respectable Prime Minister has taken the first step to score the goal, are we going to join him hand to hand, or just being at the substitute stand cowardly? You say.

A Comma (or Its Absence) Can Change a Sentences Message

A Comma (or Its Absence) Can Change a Sentences Message A Comma (or Its Absence) Can Change a Sentence’s Message A Comma (or Its Absence) Can Change a Sentence’s Message By Mark Nichol Writers are divided in opinion about punctuating introductory words or phrases- and often, they are at war with themselves with the topic. Even adherents of open punctuation will generally insert a comma after an adverb, whether it is transitional, like however, or descriptive, like suddenly, and will follow even a brief modifying phrase such as â€Å"according to the study† or â€Å"contrary to popular belief† with pausing punctuation. But somewhere in between- in the case of a short opening phrase like â€Å"last year† or â€Å"in retrospect†- many people believe a comma setting the phrase off from the sentence’s main clause is unnecessary. For consistency, I advocate generally using a comma regardless of the phrase’s length, but even though I am a close-punctuation adherent, I realize there are exceptions. Consider the use of please, for example. Read this sentence: â€Å"Please sit down.† Now, read this one. â€Å"Please, sit down.† Did you read them differently? I hope so. The intent behind each statement is distinct: â€Å"Please sit down† is an imperative barely tempered by a courtesy term; the person to whom the statement is delivered is expected to comply. By contrast, â€Å"Please, sit down† is an entreaty; the speaker sincerely hopes that the other person will accept the invitation. There’s a difference, too, between â€Å"Of course you would say whatever you thought I wanted to hear† and â€Å"Of course, you would say whatever you thought I wanted to hear.† The first sentence is delivered with some heat; the speaker’s tone is wounded and derisive. The second statement, by contrast, is more measured and reflective. These examples are more subtle than when one decides whether one should punctuate, for example, â€Å"In time you will understand why I acted as I did†: You either agree with me that if one is to punctuate a more extensive introductory phrase (â€Å"When you have time to reflect, you will understand why I acted as I did†)- and most writers will choose to do so- it’s only logical to treat a more concise opening phrase the same way (otherwise, where does one draw the line?), or you don’t agree. But sometimes, what a sentence communicates changes with the mere insertion or omission of a comma, and the writer should be sensitive to such nuances to help the reader read between the lines. Todays video: Calls to Action Pluralizing Compound Nouns Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsEnglish Grammar 101: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases

The History and Domestication of Bananas

The History and Domestication of Bananas Bananas (Musa spp) are a tropical crop, and a staple in the wet tropic areas of Africa, the Americas, mainland and island Southeast Asia, South Asia, Melanesia and the Pacific islands. Perhaps 87% of the total bananas consumed worldwide today are locally consumed; the rest is distributed outside of the wet tropical regions in which they are grown. Today there are hundreds of fully domesticated banana varieties, and an uncertain number are still in various stages of domestication: that is to say, they still are inter-fertile with wild populations. Bananas are basically giant herbs, rather than trees, and there are approximately 50 species in the Musa genus, which includes the edible forms of bananas and plantains. The genus is split into four or five sections, based on the number of chromosomes in the plant, and the region where they are found. Furthermore, over a thousand different types of cultivars of bananas and plantains are recognized today. The different varieties are characterized by wide differences in peel color and thickness, flavor, fruit size, and resistance to disease. The bright yellow one found most frequently in western markets is called the Cavendish. Cultivating Bananas Bananas produce vegetative suckers at the base of the plant which can be removed and planted separately. Bananas are planted at a typical density of between 1500-2500 plants per square hectare. Between 9-14 months after planting, each plant produces some 20-40 kilograms of fruit. After the harvest, the plant is cut down, and one sucker is allowed to grow up to produce the next crop. Banana Phytoliths The evolution of bananas are difficult to study archaeologically, and so the domestication history was unknowable until recently. Banana pollen, seeds, and pseudostem impressions are quite rare or absent at archaeological sites, and much of the recent research has been focused on the relatively new technologies associated with opal phytoliths- basically silicon copies of cells created by the plant itself. Banana phytoliths are uniquely shaped: they are volcaniform, shaped like little volcanoes with a flat crater at the top. There are differences in the phytoliths between varieties of bananas, but variations between wild and domesticated versions are not as yet definitive, so additional forms of research need to be used to fully understand banana domestication. Genetics and Linguistics Genetics and linguistic studies also help in understanding banana history. Diploid and triploid forms of bananas have been identified, and their distribution throughout the world is a key piece of evidence. In addition, linguistic studies of local terms for bananas support the notion of the spread of the banana away from its point of origin: island southeast Asia. Exploitation of early wild forms of bananas has been noted at the Beli-Lena site of Sri Lanka by c 11,500-13,500 BP, Gua Chwawas in Malaysia by 10,700 BP, and Poyang Lake, China by 11,500 BP. Kuk Swamp, in Papua New Guinea, so far the earliest unequivocal evidence for banana cultivation, had wild bananas there throughout the Holocene, and banana phytoliths are associated with the earliest human occupations at Kuk Swamp, between ~10,220-9910 cal BP. Todays Hybridized Bananas Bananas have been cultivated and hybridized a number of times over several thousand years, so well concentrate on the original domestication, and leave the hybridization to botanists. All edible bananas today are hybridized from  Musa acuminata  (diploid) or  M. acuminata  crossed with  M. balbisiana  (triploid). Today,  M. acuminata  is found throughout mainland and island southeast Asia including the eastern half of the Indian subcontinent;  M. balbisiana  is mostly found in mainland Southeast Asia. Genetic changes from  M. acuminata  created by the domestication process include the suppression of seeds and the development of parthenocarpy: the ability of humans to create a new crop without the need for fertilization. Bananas Across the World Archaeological evidence from the  Kuk Swamp  of the highlands of New Guinea indicates that bananas were deliberately planted by at least as long ago as 5000-4490 BC (6950-6440 cal BP). Additional evidence indicates that  Musa acuminata  ssp  banksii  F. Muell was dispersed out of New Guinea and introduced into eastern Africa by ~3000 BC (Munsa and Nkang), and into South Asia (the Harappan site of Kot Diji) by 2500 cal BC, and probably earlier. The earliest banana evidence found in Africa is from  Munsa, a site in Uganda dated to 3220 cal BC, although there are problems with the stratigraphy and chronology. The earliest well-supported evidence is at Nkang, a site located in southern Cameroon, which contained banana phytoliths dated between 2,750 to 2,100 BP. Like  coconuts, bananas were most widely spread as a result of the sea exploration of the Pacific by Lapita peoples ca 3000 BP, of extensive trade voyages throughout the Indian Ocean by Arab traders, and of exploration of the Americas by Europeans. Sources Ball T, Vrydaghs L, Van Den Hauwe I, Manwaring J, and De Langhe E. 2006.  Differentiating banana phytoliths: wild and edible Musa acuminata and Musa Journal of Archaeological Science 33(9):1228-1236.balbisiana.   De Langhe E, Vrydaghs L, de Maret P, Perrier X, and Denham T. 2009. Why Bananas Matter: An introduction to the history of banana domestication.  Ethnobotany Research Applications  7:165-177. Open Access Denham T, Fullagar R, and Head L. 2009.  Plant exploitation on Sahul: From   Quaternary International  202(1-2):29-40.colonisation to the emergence of regional specialisation during the Holocene. Denham TP, Harberle SG, Lentfer C, Fullagar R, Field J, Therin M, Porch N, and Winsborough B. 2003.  Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea.  Science  301(5630):189-193. Donohue M, and Denham T. 2009.  Banana (Musa spp.) Domestication in the Asia-Pacific Region: Linguistic and archaeobotanical perspectives.  Ethnobotany Research Applications  7:293-332. Open Access Heslop-Harrison JS, and Schwarzacher T. 2007.  Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana.  Annals of Botany  100(5):1073-1084. Lejju BJ, Robertshaw P, and Taylor D. 2006.  Africas earliest bananas?  Journal of Archaeological Science  33(1):102-113. Pearsall DM. 2008.  Plant . In: Pearsall DM, editor.  Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842.domestication Perrier X, De Langhe E, Donohue M, Lentfer C, Vrydaghs L, Bakry F, Carreel F, Hippolyte I, Horry J-P, Jenny C et al. 2011.  Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana (Musa spp.) domestication.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition.

Dell Computers Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dell Computers Inc - Essay Example onal costs of intermediaries between the company and consumer and thus reducing the overall cost of the PCs making it cheaper than other PCs in the market. The other advantage was that it reduces the costs and risks associated with carrying large stocks of parts, components and finished goods (Thompson and Gamble, 2006). The company later became a public limited company and raised $34.2 million in its first offering of common stock and achieved sales of $388 million in 1990. During 1986 to 1993, Dell refined strategy, build an adequate infrastructure and established market credibility against better known rivals like IBM and Hewlett Packard. Dells computer strategy clicked into full gear in the late 1990s and the sell direct strategy provided the company with most efficient procurement, manufacturing and distribution capabilities in the global PC industry and gave a substantial profit margin advantage over rival PC vendors. It is further stated that Dell’s operating cost ran a bout 10 percent of revenues in 2002 as compared to 21 percent of revenues at Hewlett Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco Systems (Thompson and Gamble, 2008). Dell Inc was the undisputed leader in the United States for sales in personal computer dominating the market. In 1998, the market share of Dell was 13.2% as compared to Hewlett Packard’s 7.8%. However it should be noted that Compaq was ahead of Dell during 1998 with 16.7%. This was the only period when any other vendors were ahead of Dell as the company occupied top position in 2000 with 19.7% as compared to Compaq’s 15.9% and HP’s 11.5%. The table below shows that Dell Inc has been ranked first since 2003 showing its dominance in the market for personal computer since 2000 in comparison to other companies. But, according to table 2, Hewlett Packard dominates the world market with 18.8% in the year 2007 as compared to 14.9% of Dell Inc. Though Dell Inc was dominated the market in United States and all over the world throughout 2000s, Dell Inc’s market share fell down from 16.6% in 2006 to 14.9% in 2007 whereas Hewlett Packard’s market share increased from 16.5% in 2006 to 18.8% in 2007 thus becoming the market leader in the industry. Table 1: U.S. Market Share of the Leading PC Vendors, 1998-2007 2003 Rank Vendor 2007 2006 2005 2004 2002 2000 1998 Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share Shipments (in 000s) Market Share 1 Dell 19645 28% 20472 31.2% 21466 33.6% 19296 33.7% 13324 27.9% 9645 19.7% 4799 13.2% 2 HP 16759 23.9 11600 21.5 12456 19.5 11600 20.3 8052 16.8 5630 11.5 2832 7.8 3 Compaq - - - - - - - - - - 7761 15.9 6052 16.7 Source: Thompson and Gamble (2008) Table 2: Worldwide Market Shares of the Leading PCs, 1998-2007 2003

Professional values law and ethics case study Essay

Professional values law and ethics case study - Essay Example Mr. Arnold informs you that his syringe of Or morph was only half full. Mr. Ahmed who is receiving palliative care has been unusually quiet all afternoon. You find the ward sister to inform her about Mr. Arnold’s pain and Mr. Ahmed being sleepy all afternoon. The ward sister initially looks horrified but then states the syringes must have got mixed up; Ill top up Mr. Arnolds pain relief, no harm done. Explore your professional, ethical and legal obligations towards Mr. Arnold and Mr. Ahmed. Doctors along with nurses experience complexities within their palliative care exercise. Hence, they require an excellent perception of moral of ethical standards as well as precedents. A broad range of health problems as well as ethical challenges exist in the palliative care provision Mr. Arnold and Mr. Ahmed. It’s currently known that an excellent perception concerning health ethics may have a contribution to the medical expert’s choice-making as well as everyday Health principles are principally a discipline of applied morals, the learning of ethical principles as well as decisions as they relate to heath care. It’s aimed at providing directions as well as regulations for doctors in their research, duty and behavior as well as shares numerous values with related medical principles, for example, nursing principles along with bioethics. In history, it may get tracked back in Hippocrates, an antique Greek doctor of 5th century (Ulrich 2012, 45). He and together with his learners excluded themselves separately from the other doctors of that moment through emphasizing that their career hunting were balanced as well as technical instead of being supernatural or sacred. Numerous health philosophers have emphasized that a doctor must bear ‘an excellent sense as well as discretion’ (Lachman 2006, 77). Ever since he eighteenth century and over, health providers implemented Hippocratic vow to be the passage right. Likewise, the policy of nursing

Into the Wild Essay Example for Free

Into the Wild Essay In writing â€Å"Into the Wild,† Krakauer’s intention was to uncover the facts (or at least get as close to the facts as possible) surrounding Christopher McCandless’ journey â€Å"into the wild. † Krakauer discusses and presents theories and explanations about McCandless’ reasons for going off into a potentially fatal journey, and also presents investigations into how McCandless came to such a state in his life. Krakauer gives us some idea of the direct cause of McCandless’ death, and his reasons for doing what he did. Krakauer aims to give readers with invaluable insight into the mind of McCandless—how McCandless came about the idea of going to the Alaskan wilderness, what his motivations were, how he planned and managed to survive the grueling trek, and most importantly, â€Å"why? † The author seeks to understand what happened to McCandless in the wild, and to explain why someone so full of promise, who seems to have such an ideal life and much of all that he could ask for, could do what McCandless did. However, Krakauer does not presume to be certain about McCandless reasons, but he presents some very good explanations and allows us to understand McCandless’ mind even more. By revealing many things about the reasons behind McCandless’ death, Krakauer shows us that McCandless was far more than a simple and reckless fool who wasted his life. McCandless, who was an intelligent young man, went off into the Alaskan woods to â€Å"find himself† and to reunite with nature. He was heavily influenced by the literature he had read, to such an extent that he became, most of all, a man in search of himself and of a purpose in life. In order to really â€Å"find† himself, he felt it necessary to cut all ties from society, from his family, and reinvent himself as Alexander Supertramp, thus cutting his ties with his old identity. Whether or not he found what he was looking for in the wild is open to speculation, however Krakauer describes McCandless’s psychological terrain by including anecdotes and quotations from people who were in a similar state of mind as McCandless, as well as drawing parallels with his own life as a mountaineer and adventurer. Each chapter presents different tales from others who have been in the same road as McCandless, people who have also sought the solitude of the wild. Krakauer also interviewed people who have come in contact with McCandless during his journey. By the end of â€Å"Into the Wild,† the readers gains significant understanding of McCandless’ personality. Whether McCandless was brave or foolish, his journey of self-discovery is something that almost everyone can relate with and understand on some level. However, while the book is accessible to anyone who could have some interest in the controversial life and death of Christopher McCandless, it is most geared towards those who have sentiments similar to those that McCandless held regarding society, nature, and how to live. â€Å"Into the Wild† helps us understand McCandless’ character, although by the end of the book, it is still up to the reader to decide if McCandless was â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† in having done what he did – whether he was courageoeus or merely foolish.

Social Contract Theory and the Nature of Society, Rules and Morality Es

Social Contract Theory and the Nature of Society, Rules and Morality Social contract theory is a philosophy about the nature of morality and the origins of society. Its adherents believe â€Å"social organization rests on a contract or compact which the people have made among themselves† (Reese, 533). This concept was first articulated by the Sophists, who said societies are not natural occurrences but rather the result of a consensus of people (Reese 533). Plato expresses these ideas in The Republic when he says that society is created to meet human needs (Encyclopedia 1). Various other philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Marsilius of Padua, and Richard Hooker, incorporated the concept of a social contract in their applications to political theory (Encyclopedia 1). None of these philosophers, however, made the social contract their primary focus. They included the theory as just one component of their main philosophies. It wasn’t until much later that social contract theory was developed as a unique and sep arate philosophy. The 17th Century British...

What reading you enjoy the most

Question 3 what reading have you enjoyed most in the past year and why? The reading I have enjoyed the most In the past year Is To kill a mocking bird' by Harper Lee The Storrs main theme is about racial discrimination and gender Inequality. It used a child's point of view to tell the story so I can throw myself Into the main character Scout. Thanks to her naivety, the injustice and the hypocrisy of Maycomb folks are enhanced. The most excltlng part of the story Is the tight In the court. Scout's father is a lawyer and he is trying to fight for a black man.Although I expect there will be a courageous character to stand up and correct the bias but it comes out as a bad ending, which prejudice Is Imposed. However I can still sense that the author is trying to tell us what is wrong and what is right If I have to use a word to describe the story, the word would probably be: Amazing. My emotion flows with the story, and every detail is mentioned clearly, Harper's writing is really coheren t as well. I was reminded that â€Å"Your never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view†¦ til you climb inside of skin and walk around in It. † This is an absolute delight reading and I highly recommend others to read. The reading I have enjoyed the most In the past year Is ‘To kill a mocking bird' by Harper Lee. The storys main theme is about racial discrimination and gender inequality. It used a child's point of view to tell the story so I can throw myselt into the Maycomb folks are enhanced. The most exciting part of the story is the fight in the court. Scouts father is a lawyer and he Is trying to fight for d black man.Although I comes out as a bad ending, which prejudice Is Imposed. However I can sull sense that the author is trying to tell us what is wrong and what is right. If I have to use a word to describe the story, the word would probably be: Amazing. My emotion tlovw with the story, and every detail is mentioned clea rly, Harpers writing is really you consider things from his point of view†¦ untll you climb Inside of skin and walk around in it. † This is an absolute delight reading and I highly recommend others to read.The reading I have enjoyed the most In the pastyear Is ‘To kill a mocking bird' by Harper Lee. The storys main theme is about racial discrimination and gender inequality. It used a child's point otviewto tell the story so I can throw myselt into the court. Scouts father is d lawyer and he Is trying to fight for d black man. Although I 1 Of3 coherent as well. I was reminded that mfour never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view†¦ Until you climb inside of skin and walk read.The reading I have enjoyed the most in the past year is ‘To kill a mocking bird' inequality. It used a child's point of view to tell the story so I can throw myself into the court. Scout's father is a lawyer and he is trying to fght for a black ma n. Although I comes out as a bad ending, which prejudice is imposed. However I can still sense by Harper Lee. The story's main theme is about racial discrimination and gender Maycomb folks are enhanced. The most exciting part of the story is the fght in the coherent as well. I was reminded that miour never really understand a person until

Analysis of environment, industry and SWOT analysis

The Australian food retailing industry is characterized by a high level of competitiveness. The intense competitiveness has led to an environment in which emphasis on cost efficiency has become the critical success factor. In the general environment, the key to maintaining competitiveness has become ensuring cost efficiency through efficient supply chain management.This efficiency can be promoted technologically. Economic factors are also important in the environment. These factors manifest themselves in high levels of household debt, a low national rate of saving, falling house prices, falling oil prices and increases in unemployment and interest rates. In Aldi’s case, these environmental factors are likely to exercise a negative influence on consumer spending.The threat of new entrants is high in this industry. For example, Aldi faces the threat of its main European rival Lidl entering the Australian market. Therefore the threat of substitute products is also high. This thre at is underscored by the fact that most competitors are carrying house brands which are enabling them to offer high quality at a low price. This has resulted in a high level of competitive rivalry.The main competitors currently are Woolworths and Coles-Myer. These are the two major national chains. There are also smaller regional players such Action, IGA and Franklins. These companies are focusing on cost efficiencies and therefore sustainability of competitive advantage has become difficult to maintain. Bargaining power of customers in the FMCG industry is also high. However the bargaining power of suppliers is not that high. Costs in this case have been streamlined through building long term relations.Aldi’s main strength is the process of decentralization empowering managers. There is a high degree of delegation in the company. The company’s weakness is in its lack of investment in marketing. Currently this is not a problem but in the future, as new entrants stake o ut a claim in the industry, the company might have to invest in aggressive promotional strategies (cited in Hill, 2008).However the company is not structured to shift focus accordingly. Lack of market research might also become a problem in case of increased competitiveness. The opportunity for the company is to move into other Australian states and territories.In the immediate time frame, the company should focus on South Australia because of its proximity to its current locations. The threat is the rising level of competition not only from the existing players but also from new entrants. The competitive threat is being created in terms of cost improvements and product diversifications (cited in Aaker, 2004).Key resources and capabilitiesThe source of Aldi’s competitive advantage is cost leadership. Implementation of this strategy has been facilitated by maintaining good relations with channel members and ensuring employee satisfaction.Channel members include the suppliers a nd the customers. Aldi’s strategic focus is to ensure maximum customer satisfaction by maintaining a product range that is in alignment with customer tastes and preferences. The company also maintains good relations with the suppliers by maintaining a shared information network.Its cultural orientation is also unique in terms of facilitating the highest degree of decentralization and delegation. This gives the managers a sense of ownership over their processes and as a result they are committed to the continuous improvement process. This is a critical success factor for the company in the highly competitive environment in which it operates and these resources ensure a sustainable competitive advantage.What gives Aldi a sustainable competitive advantage is its limited product range that consists of house brands. The advantage of maintaining this orientation is that strategies against the threat of product differentiation can be implemented.This is particularly relevant in Aldi ’s case because it faces intense competition from Woolworths and Coles-Meyer which are major national chains and draw their competitive advantage from maintaining a widely diversified product portfolio.Therefore Aldi has to position itself as a low cost provider of products of comparable quality. This is facilitated through cutting costs in areas such as not providing free shopping bags, surcharges on credit card payments and motivating customers to manage their own shopping trolleys.These strategies enable the company to cut down the size of its manpower and therefore reduce costs. Being cost conscious is the first part of its guiding philosophy. The second and third parts of the philosophy are related to ensuring satisfaction with customers and suppliers.

How to Write a Research Paper in APA Style

How to Write a Research Paper in APA Style APA is a writing format that was set by the American Psychological Association. This style is most preferred by colleges and graduate schools. It is used for social sciences and is based on the idea that scientific papers discuss facts already proven to be true, and that the year in which a piece of work was published is important and should, therefore, be included in the in-text citations. One of the basic elements of APA is that all text should be double-spaced. The document used should be standard-sized (8.5† x 11†). All margins should be set at 1†. The recommended font is Times New Roman at 12pt. This, however, may differ in accordance to given instructions. On every page, include a page header or running head. It shows a shortened version of the paper’s title in capital letters, as well as the page numbers. Research papers written using APA style have four main sections. On the Title page is the paper’s title, student’s name, and the institution. The page header should look like this: â€Å"Running head: PAPER TITLE†, and should be flushed to the left, with the page number to the right. Note that in other pages, the page header looks like this; â€Å"PAPER TITLE† and is also flushed to the left, with the page number to the right. The second section is the Abstract, which should also be on a distinct page. It too should have a page header. The topic â€Å"Abstract† should be centered with no bold text or any other form of formatting. This section highlights key points of the paper, and should be between 150 to 250 words long. You can also include your key words on the abstract page. The third section is the Main Body and the fourth one is the References page. As is commonly known, when writing a paper one should always make sure to submit work that is 100% plagiarism free. This is achieved by paraphrasing and using parenthetical citations. Direct quotations are enclosed in quotation marks or are indented from the rest of the body. This is followed by an in-text citation to give reference to the work’s owner. When in-text citations are being used, include the last name of the author, and then the year of publication. Do not forget to use a comma to separate items enclosed in parenthesis. When you use a direct quote, please add the exact page number relating to the text, e.g., (Hall, 2013, p. 87). All the sources used should then be listed on a separate References page, after the main part of the paper. Please refer to one of the several APA guideline websites available online, such as the Purdue Online Writing Lab, for further assistance on how to do this. Additionally you can get professional APA style research paper help from academic writers at CustomWritings.com. They will write your research paper in this format!

What Is Iambic Pentameter in Poetry

What Is Iambic Pentameter in Poetry SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The term iambic pentameter sounds like it’s more at home in a science textbook than it is in your English class. But believe it or not, iambic pentameter is a type of poetic meter! In other words, iambic pentameter is a term that refers to a very specific type of rhythm that you find in poetry. Knowing what poetic meter is and how to find it is an important skill for the AP Literature exam, and it can be really impressive if you discuss it properly in the AP exam’s essay portion. We know poetic meter might sound scary- heck, anything that has to do with poetry can be scary!- but we’re here to help. In this article, you’ll learn what iambic pentameter is, discover how tofind it in a poem, and analyzeiambic pentameter examples in poetry. Let’s dive right in! "Penta" means "five," so you know there will be five of SOMETHING in iambic pentameter. (Spoiler alert: it has to do with the number of iambs in each line!) Iambic Pentameter: Definition and Meaning To understand iambic pentameter, it’s easiest to break the phrase down into two parts. Part 1: Pentameter Let’s start with pentameter. In poetry, meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, or line, of a poem. Whew! That’s already a lot! Let’s unpack that a little bit. A syllable is the number of vowel sounds that are present in a word. Consonant sounds don’t matter! The more vowel sounds a word has, the more syllables it has! (Quick refresher: vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.) So for example, â€Å"question† has two syllables, â€Å"flexible† has three syllables, and â€Å"do† has one syllable. Don’t make the mistake of thinking long words must have more syllables than short words! Syllabation has everything to do with the vowel sounds a word has, not the number of letters. For example, the word â€Å"screeched† only has one syllable whereas â€Å"utopia† has four! But poetic meter is more than just the number of syllables in a verse: it’s the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. So what makes a syllable stressed or unstressed? Well, we’re glad you asked! A stressed syllable is a syllable that has five tests all on the same day. (Just kidding...but we couldn’t resist a dad joke.) But seriously, a stressed syllable is a syllable that’s emphasized within a word. It’s the syllable that stands out, and it often has a long vowel sound. Let’s look at a few words to see what we mean. Take â€Å"meter,† for example. Meter has two syllables, and the first one is stressed. But when you say â€Å"meter,† you pronounce it ME-ter, not me-TER. That’s because the first syllable is stressed. That makes the second syllable- or the one that doesn’t have emphasis- unstressed. Another example is â€Å"computer.† In this word, only the middle syllable is stressed. You pronounce it com-PU-ter, not COM-pu-ter or com-pu-TER. Not all words have stressed syllables! For example, â€Å"homemade† has two unstressed syllables. (It would sound silly to say HOME-made or home-MADE.) Although there are complex ways to determine stressed and unstressed syllables, the easiest way to determine the stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry is to read the verse out loud. You’ll definitely be able to hear if you’re pronouncing a word funny! (In our favorite clip from the movie A View from the Top, Mike Meyers demonstrates this perfectly.) But what makes a poem have pentameter specifically? Well, a poem with pentameter has five stressed syllables in a line. Here’s an example of a line with pentameter from Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18.† The line reads, â€Å"Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines.† Okay, so let’s break this line up into syllables by using hyphens instead. If we count the syllables in this line, we end up with 10, and the line would look like this: â€Å"Some-time too hot the eye of hea-ven shines.† Now let’s look at the stressed syllables. In this line, every other syllable is stressed. So when you read it out loud, it sounds like this: â€Å"Some-TIME too HOT the EYE of HEA-ven SHINES.† That means the line has five stressed syllables, which tells us that this verse uses pentameter. (And because we know this is a Shakespearean sonnet, we also know that the whole poem will be in pentameter.) When all of a poem’s lines have the same number of stressed syllables, we say that the poem has meter. Poems can have all kinds of meter. Poems where lines have six stressed syllables in each line are written in â€Å"hexameter,† and a poem with three stressed syllables in each line would be in â€Å"triameter.† In the case of a poem with pentameter, every single line of the poem will have five stressed syllables in some combination. Did you know that poetry has feet? METRICAL feet, that is! Part 2: Iambs Now let’s tackle the â€Å"iambic† part of iambic pentameter. An iamb is a type of metrical foot in poetry. (A metrical foot is a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that repeats itself throughout a verse, stanza, or poem.) An iamb is a very specific type of metrical foot that has one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In order to figure this out, it’s best to read the poem out loud. You can underline each part of the word that is a stressed syllable, which will allow you to visualize the pattern. (There are actual, formal marks that linguists and literature scholars use to indicate rhythm and meter, which you can find here if you’re interested.) Here’s a line from Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 37†: â€Å"And by a part of all thy glory live.† Let’s go ahead and break it into its stressed and unstressed syllables, which looks something like this: and BY a PART of ALL thy GLO-ry LIVE See how the stresses alternate with unstressed syllables perfectly? Each pair of unstressed and stressed syllables- like â€Å"and/by† and â€Å"of/all†- is an iamb. Because each line of this poem uses this alternating structure of unstressed and stressed syllables, we would say that the poem iambic. Randall Munroe/xkcd Putting It Together: Iambic Pentameter So now let’s put all of our new knowledge together. If an iamb is a combination of syllables, and meter is a certain number of stressed syllables, then iambic pentameter is a specific arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. In iambic pentameter, each line of the poem has to have five iambs! To see this at work, let’s look at another line from a Shakespearean sonnet, this time from â€Å"Sonnet 104.† The line reads, â€Å"Have from the forests shook three summers' pride.† First, let’s break the line down into its syllables using hyphens: Have from the for-ests shook three sum-mers' pride Now, let’s add the stresses into the line by capitalizing each stressed syllable: Have FROM the FOR-ests SHOOK three SUM-mers' PRIDE Now, let’s count the metrical feet by adding a / in between each piece of the pattern: Have FROM / the FOR / ests SHOOK / three SUM / mers' PRIDE Because this line has five feet that each contain an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, we know that it’s a verse written in iambic pentameter. When the whole poem is written with the same rhythm, we can say that the poem has iambic pentameter, too! Iambic pentameter is a popular poetic form, especially in English poetry. Many people think of it as the â€Å"standard† poetic meter, likely because Shakespeare’s sonnets are all written in iambic pentameter. But some modern poets, like Wallace Stevens and John Keats, use iambic pentameter, too. Iambic Pentameter in Poetry: â€Å"The Waking† by Theodore Roethke Now that you know what iambic pentameter is, let’s test out your new skills with a poem that wasn’t written by Shakespeare! Let’s take a look at a few stanzas from â€Å"The Waking† by Theodore Roethke, one of the most famous poets of the 20th century, which is a good iambic pentameter example. The second stanza reads: We think by feeling. What is there to know? I hear my being dance from ear to ear. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. Okay, try doing this one on your own. Copy and paste this stanza into your word processor and see if you can break each line into syllables. Then capitalize the stressed syllables. Once that’s done, put a forward slash in between each metrical foot. Once you’re done, check out the correct meter in the box below: we THINK / by FEE / ling. WHAT/ is THERE / to KNOW? i HEAR / my BE / ing DANCE / from EAR / to EARi WAKE / to SLEEP / and TAKE / my WAK /ing SLOW See the pattern of iambs (an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable)? Because each line has five iambs, you know the poem is written in iambic pentameter! Let’s try another iambic pentameter example from the same poem. Here’s the stanza: Great Nature has another thing to do To you and me; so take the lively air, And, lovely, learn by going where to go. Do the same thing: separate the syllables by a hyphen, then go back and capitalize every syllable that you think is stressed. Here’s the finished mark-up: great NA / ture HAS / a-NO / ther THING / to DO to YOU / and ME; / so TAKE / the LIVE / ly AIR, and, LOVE / ly, LEARN / by GO / ing WHERE / to GO. Did you get it? We’re sure you did now that you’re an iambic pentameter expert! If you want some more practice working through iambic pentameter examples, you canrepeatthis exercise on almost all of Shakespeare's sonnets. (Hey...maybe you can find the ones that aren’t exactly in iambic pentameter, too!) You can find all of Shakespeare's sonnets courtesy of OpenSource Shakespeare. Now What? If this post was helpful and you want to learn more about how to analyze literature and poetry, check out our step-by-step analysis of Tom Buchanan from The Great Gatsby. Studying for the AP Literature exam already? Here’s the ultimate AP literature reading list that will help you ace your AP exam. There are two AP English tests: the AP Literature exam and the AP Language Composition exam. Learn more about the AP Language Composition test and how it differs from its literary equivalent here.

Glass in Architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Glass in Architecture - Term Paper Example The main focus of this paper will be on the architectural use of glass in construction of structures and components of structures. Glass comes in various forms and types. They vary from look, weight, texture and color among other aspects and in this paper we will look deeper and further into the types of glasses and their properties focusing mainly on three types of glass namely; float glass, tempered glass and laminated glass. The paper will also look to discover the implications of each and every type of glass, mentioned above with relation to its structure of design in an architectural point of view. Characteristics and behavior of each type of glass will also be evaluated, and its effects in construction discussed1. Float glass is a type of glass that is forged or made by floating liquid form glass on molten metal still in its liquid form specifically the tin metal which is mostly used, and then allowing the glass to cool and harden. Tin is normally chosen because of its chemical ability to withhold molten glass in its liquid form and allows it to cool where it maintains the smooth liquid surface of the glass, after its hardening and leaves no space for a coarse feeling when the glass dries. Traditionally, glass was made by blowing molten glass or the liquid form of glass and then laying it on a flat surface when still hot and liquid before it has reached the cooling temperature. This has since changed, and the process has become much easier compared to the traditional one. From the floating process, the result is a flat, smooth and an even sheet of glass which can be made into thick or thin flat sheets and also in different sizes, which can be, further resized into small panes depending on the purpose for which the glass was formed to serve. Float glass is commonly made from a fusion of lime and soda, and the process for making this type of glass is also known as the Pilkington process. This type of glass is mostly used for making window panes, a

The role of employee engagement in the delivery of enhanced Assignment

The role of employee engagement in the delivery of enhanced organizational performance - Assignment Example The psychological contract has been further explained in the light of the managerial roles. The managers expect that their subordinates will seek out for new challenges and foster loyalty towards the organization, at the same time the employees also expect that the organization will offer them sufficient work flexibility and growth opportunities. An employee will increase their individual output and responsibility if the organization gives more priority towards its staffs and offers them with perks and rewards. Thus it has been clearly stated that a proper leadership style along with a proper organizational culture will lead to increased employee engagement which as a result will improve the overall organizational performance. This report is a part of the unit assignment for the full time students of the Manchester Metropolitan University. The report contains the discussion over the work engagement of an employee in his organization and how it has been affected by the organizational behaviour. It highlights the relationship between the organizational output and the employee engagement. The role of managers and supervisors has also been discussed, which acts as a major factor in improving the organizational output by increasing employee engagement. This report has been backed up by several relevant articles and theories in order to justify the findings. This paper will help managers to identify the organizational behaviour responsible for higher employee engagement and increased organizational output. The managers will be able to relate their organization to this study and make necessary amendments in the firm policies which will eventually lead to voluntary employee commitment. This business report has been prepared on secondary data collected from various journal articles and theories from relevant organizational management books. Several real life examples which are cited in the paper have been collected from

Do adult students on full-time courses suffer from stress Hypothesis Essay

Do adult students on full-time courses suffer from stress Hypothesis - Essay Example ss† (from the Latin dis = bad, as in dissonance, disagreement), and â€Å"eustress† (from the Greek eu =good, as in euphonia, euphoria)†¦However, the fact that eustress causes much less damage than distress graphically demonstrates that it is â€Å"how you take it† that determines ultimately, whether one can adapt successfully to change.(p.6) Thus, stress may affect an individual positively or negatively. It depends on one’s outlook of the situation. Do adult students on full-time courses suffer from stress? Based on Seyle’s definition, the answer would have to be in the affirmative. Firstly, the adult student would experience distress because as an adult one has several responsibilities namely, children, family, work, or one may even be in the process of fostering a social relationship which will require quality time. As Seyle implied distress or eustress is determined by the individual’s perception of the circumstances. Consequently, an individual who has family responsibilities and is also a full-time student may view the course as a distressing factor because the time lost in attending these courses may have been used to obtain a job that would provide income to attend to the needs of the family. This individual may experience and perceive this lost time as depressing and as a result may respond negatively to the conditions , thus worsening his/her mental and physical well-being. Contrastingly, the same individual could decide to take a different perspective and recognize the value of this time as an investment into procuring a job with better-quality remuneration that could not otherwise be acquired. This student, then by changing his/her viewpoint can reduce the stress level from a high threshold to a low level. Moreover, the acquisition of skills and knowledge allows one to obtain increased earnings. The National Center for Education Statistics purports that the median earnings of males with a college degree in 1993 were $33,000 which was

Understanding Special Needs Children And Young People Essay

Understanding Special Needs Children And Young People Essay In this assignment I hope to highlight the ADHD Disorder also show what treatments and supports are available for this special need. I hope to find some local support groups for this condition and also detail what legislation is in place to deal with special needs. I hope by the end of this assignment I will be after highlighting enough about how difficult families and teachers find it to cope and live with children who suffer from ADHD. Rational for the Project Plan of Work For this assignment I will look over the notes Christina Meyler has given me so far. I will also look up the ADHD disorder on the internet. I will also go through the book Assisting Children with Special Needs by Ellis Flood. I hope to get a lot of the assignment done during the mid-term in November and then get some feedback on what I will have done to then. I aim to have it finished and handed up by the 30th November 2012. Case Study Brian is an 11 year old boy who has been diagnosed with ADHD. Brian is a bright boy, who is very creative, he has average marks in school. But he sufferes from severe distractibility and a lack of organisational skills, all of which affects his school work. Brian would often lie about his school work and this would cause problems at home with his family. The school contacted a therapist and they saw Brian on a regular basis for four months and also held sessions with Brians parents. The therapist along with Brians parents and his teachers at school developed a checklist of acceptable behaviour programme for Brian. His parents and teachers had to learn proper responses to Brians frequent oppositional behaviour. By doing this Brians behaviour became more manageable for his parents and his teachers, Brians behaviour has become a bit calmer because of this also. Brian now also gets on better at home with his family. He will still have his outbursts but they are not as frequent as they once was the ADHD has become more manageable. Causes of ADHD The causes of ADHD are not really known at the moment, but there is research been carried out to try and find out what causes it. Some children in America with ADHD have undergone an MRI Scan and the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia were found to be smaller than in children who havent ADHD this would indicate that neurophysiological could be the cause of the disorder'(www.casestudies-ADHD-children) Also it is believed that children with parents that have ADHD are more likely to develop it so there for ADHD could be hereditary. Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is usually diagnosed by a qualified psychologist, generally the psychologist will obtain information regarding the childs behaviour from the childs parents and teachers at their school. The psychologist will observe the child and give them various tasks to complete, closely observing the childs attention span, activity level and impulse control with regard to their age. In order to diagnosis ADHD the child must have a sufficient number of difficulties with concentration, activity levels and impulse control. These behaviours must be present in at least two settings usually in the home and at school. The evaluation process will also determine the type of ADHD a child has, the psychologist evaluating the child would have to have extensive knowledge and experience of children with the condition. Treatment of ADHD ADHD is usually treated using a combination of stimulant medication and behavioural therapy. Medication Several stimulant mediations are available which help to calm the child down allowing them to bring their behaviour under control. Many people are surprised to learn that stimulants are given to children with ADHD as these children seem to be over stimulated already but they do work. Ritalin is perhaps the best known ADHD medication, it has been widely used since its release in 1954. Other medications used are Adderall, Dexedrine and Metadata. Stimulants work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, the parts whose function is to control attention, motivation, pleasure and movement. By regulating the dopamine levels doctors can regulate the attention spans and energy levels of the children they are treating. Some children are not able to take stimulation medication because of side effects, there are non-stimulant medications available such as Stiattera, there are not many children on this medication. Behavioural Therapy Behavioural Therapy can be used alone or with medication as described above. Behavioural Therapy is designed to train children to control their hyperactivity and lack of attention. Based on the work of B.F. Skinner desirable behaviour is rewarded but undesirable behaviour is not. An example of this is when a child is asked to do a task, when that task is carried out the child then gets a reward for doing the task, but if they dont complete the task they are not rewarded. Prognosis There is no cure for ADHD and children with the disorder seldom grow out of it. However many find ways to cope with and adapt to their ADHD as they get older and become adults. Many adults have ADHD and dont even know they have it, it is believed that mand of our prisoners suffer with ADHD. Many adults with ADHD have poor time keeping, they have difficulty completing a task, they would also find it hard to maintain a personal relationship. Others become unemployed and have a higher than average incidence of drug and alcohol abuse. In the past in Ireland very few children were diagnosed with ADHD, if they played up they were just expelled from school. Now in the schools if there is a problem the teacher and principle will try to find the underlying cause for the childs behaviour. This will mean that in future many more children will be diagnosed early and measures will be put in place quicker to help them manage their condition in order to reach their true potential. . Support Groups for ADHD Springborad Family Support programme operated by Youth New Ross Ltd. They hold meetings in my local area for parents with children who suffer from ADHD. The group meets every four to five weeks to share their own stories and discuss the problems they come up against on a day to day basis, they also give each other advice on how they deal with the problems they come up against. Waterford ADHD Support, 74 Farren Park, Upper Grange, Waterford. (051) 852171 Kilkenny ADHD Support, Jerpoint Abbey, Thomastown, Co.Kilkenny 056) 7754954 These are local support groups in my local area that I sourced from the internet. Current Legislation THE EDUCATIONAL ACT 1998 This was the first piece of legislation passed since the foundation of the state that outlines the governments legal obligations regarding education. The act provided the first legal definition of disability The act provides the first legal definition of Special educational Needs The act defines what it means by support services. The function of the Minister for education was also defined under this act. THE EDUCATION WELFARE ACT 2000 This act ensures all children have a right to attend a regonised school even children with special needs.This act also helped in the creation of the Educational Welfare Board THE EDUCATION FOR PERSONS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ACT 2004 This is the most significant piece of legislation relating to special needs in education. The act is extensive and covers the following general areas The issue of inclusion with regards to children with special needs in mainstream settings. Preparation of individual educational plans for children with special needs. Assessment of special needs. Service provision for children with special educational needs. Appeals. (Ellis Flood 2010 :10-17) The Practical and Emotional impact of having a child with ADHD Most parents of children with ADHD face a daily challenge of managing their childs behaviour. Within the home most children with ADHD who are hyperactive have difficulty complying with parental instructions. They get frustrated quickly, interrupt conversations and have a tendency to get into fights with their siblings. Their demanding tendencies can cause problems with their friends who will regard them as been bossy and quick tempered, they can also get violent with their families. Children with ADHD who are not hyperactive and impulsive can drive their parents crazy not so much with what they do but more what they dont do. In this case parents struggle with unfinished homework and major disorganization. They are often described as being passive and shy in relationships. Conclusions and Recommendations While carrying out this assignment, I did not realise how having a child with ADHD could affect the family home, I also didnt realise how many children suffer with attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder it is getting fairly common among children. I think this is mainly due to more doctors and teachers been more aware of the condition, so therefore it is getting diagnosed quicker. This is a good thing because more people will be made aware of the condition and therefore will learn how to deal with it and more supports will be put in place quicker. I feel I have done the best of my ability in carrying out this assignment, and I am pleased with what I have accomplished.

Stress And Its Influence On The Mortality Rate in Eastern Europe :: Society Eastern Europe Death Rate Essays Papers

Stress And Its Influence On The Mortality Rate in Eastern Europe Death rates are associated with many complex, multifaceted issues in every society. The world is rapidly changing politically, socially and environmentally. With the fall of communism and the subsequent, dramatic social and political changes no other region in the world exemplifies global change like Eastern Europe. Specifically, the death rates of Eastern Europe countries have been increasingly fluctuating away from the norm. This has been caused by a wide array of interesting, sometimes obscure factors. Stress is a major factor, however, it is not the primary cause, as has been argued, of the increased mortality rates in Eastern Europe. Globally, death rates have been drastically decreasing. People are living much longer with the advent of better health care and improved nutrition. The lowest morality rates are all in well-developed, industrialized countries. The Soviet Union was formally one of the most powerful and industrialized countries. It held vast resources and enormous political power. Health care and nutrition in the Soviet Union was very good as is typical of a developed, industrial nation. Further, The Soviet Union possessed so much power and influence it supported many Communist, Eastern European countries. With the fall of the Soviet Union the region underwent an extremely dramatic change. Surprisingly, the birth rate in the Eastern Europe began to fall and the death rate began to steadily increase. Stone states: Soon after the former Eastern Block nations tossed off communist rule in the late 1980s and the Soviet Union imploded, people throughout Eastern Europe began dying in droves. Life expectancy plummeted. By 1994, for example, reaching the age of 57 was enough to put Russian men on the right side of the Bell curve (2001, 1). This is truly an alarming figure. There are many explanations for these changes. By understanding the multiple explanations and factors one can begin to better comprehend the problems affecting mortality. Stress, and its subsequent effects, has been found to be one of the most lethal killers of Eastern European men. Obviously, in a region where conditions are generally poor, stress is very high. After the Soviet Union collapsed most industry and leadership in subsequent Eastern European countries collapsed, leading to these poor conditions. "On one level, the main culprit is clear: coronary heart disease" Stone 2001, 1). Many societies exhibit high degrees of stress, so why are the effects in Eastern Europe so morbid? Many people believe that Eastern European citizens feel dejected and condemned to a poor life.

Kinds of influences that affect children and young persons’ development including

(a)Personal factors (health), (2.1) (b)External factors (environment), (2.2)Answer:(a)Personal factors that influence/affect children and young person’s development (health)†¢Disabilities such as blindness, deafness, and other physical handicaps can cause learning loss as the child therefore is physically hindered and as we know all areas of development are interlinked, so the others will be affected causing delays and often full capability.†¢Illnesses; especially life threatening or disabling such as Polio or Cancer causes delays in all round development as these can affect muscle development; both major and fine motor, and often never fully develop due to the damaging effects of these diseases to their body. Also, long terms in Hospital or confinement in bed, frailty of body etc. prevent them from physical exertion such as running, skipping, etc. Long absences from school, family, as well as limited interaction socially and physically with other children their age, can in many cases also affect their other areas of development; such as their social, physical, cognitive/intellectual development.†¢Learning difficulties; ADHD, ADD, Autism, Down’s syndrome etc. all affect a child and young person’s ability to develop cognitively, therefore it inhibits the general pattern of development. For example, one of the symptoms of ADHD is low muscle tone which is due to abnormal chemical balances in the brain; â€Å"ADHD is caused by differences in neurotransmitter patterns in certain parts of the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that make it possible for nerve impulses to travel from one nerve cell to another, and therefore play an essential role in the functioning of the  brain.The brain performs a vast range of tasks or functions, allowing us, for instance, to see, hear, think, speak and move. Each function is performed by a different part of the brain. In individuals with ADHD there are lower than normal levels of certain n eurotransmitters (especially dopamine) in the regions of the brain that are responsible for regulating behaviour and attention. Research also confirms that the Norepinephrine system is also involved in some patients.†Further Resources: (http://www.health24.com/Parenting/Child/First-year/Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder-20120721)â€Å"Chemical imbalance: Children who have ADD may not make enough chemicals in key areas of the brain that are responsible for organizing thought.Experts believe an imbalance of the chemicals that helps nerve cells in the brain communicate with each other, called neurotransmitters, may be a factor in the development of ADD symptoms. Without enough of these chemicals, the organizing centers of the brain don't work well.†http://www.nativeremedies.com/ailment/child-add-symptoms-info.htmlExternal factors (environment), (2.2)†¢Family Environment or care status is a very important factor in a child/young person’s development; who cares for the child? Is it a ‘regular’ two parent family, a one parent family or a split family, with two sets of parents, or a large extended family living together in one home? These can all have differing; some positive and other situations often can have adverse affects.Is the care regular and consistent or is it irregular and so disruptive for the developing child? Culturally families differ and the child might not have their parents caring for them but instead elderly Grandparents and this can have an adverse affect on a child who is growing up in a nation that usually has western ideals in parenting; the Father and Mother are usually the direct caregivers.†¢Poverty is usually a negative factor in a child’s development and their environment as a whole. They usually live in small homes in unsafe areas, with high crime statistics, noise putting the child in constant threat of harm and a lack of a sense of peace and safety. Food is usually not as ample or nutritious as it is in a home with a better income, often the only income being benefits or maybe one salary from a single parent. Their health may be neglected due to lack of monies for good health care, especially in nations where it is not government sponsored.Children and young people, as a result of poverty, may be subjected to care givers or parents who may be substance abusers due to depression often due to having a poor income or lack thereof because of unemployment. This may result in neglect, abuse or in some cases even desertion. This then leads to the child being placed under the custody of other caregivers and often the state, so disrupting the child’s life. This often results in a lack of a sense of belonging and self worth in the child and can be carried with them into young adulthood.This can all add stress to a child and they may develop anger and feelings of resentment towards themselves, their family/care givers and society as a whole. As teenagers these c hildren can develop severe depression and this can lead to high mortality rates and low life expectancy in many impoverished communities.†¢Education is an important factor in all round development, and whether the parent/care giver is able to spend time with the child, send them to early development classes such as nursery schools or Moms and Toddler workshops etc., where various methods of teaching and activities are centered around the expected pattern of development. Some parents prefer to Home School their children and this may hinder the child’s social, and often physical and cognitive development due to lack of interaction with other children their own age, as well as learning resources.Some children may be affected by being placed in school too early and therefore may appear to be behind in their learning and development. This may lead to the child struggling to keep up with their peers. Gender affects learning too as girls usually develop at a faster rate all rou nd, maturing earlier than boys.Siblings and other children can stimulate development as the child studies have shown that children usually learn through and imitate other children around them, and this can install a healthy sense of competitiveness. A hindrance may be cultural differences in education as well as language. If a child is learning in another language this may have an adverse affect on their learning and understanding. This can further influence their cognitive and social development as they are unable to think and communicate easily in an unfamiliar language, and this can cause embarrassment and frustration.All areas of development are interlinked and so when one is negatively affected so the rest are usually inhibited, therefore affecting the expected pattern and rate of development in a child and young person.